Understanding Shincheonji: A Warning for Christians

by ichthus

In this video: “Beware of Shincheonji!”, Tim Martin provides a critical analysis of the teachings and practices of the religious group Shincheonji (also known as the Shincheonji Church of Jesus, the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony). While the video presents arguments against Shincheonji from a Christian perspective, it is important to approach the information with an open and impartial mindset.

Tim Martin warns that Shincheonji is considered a cult by many Christians. It teaches about a “false pastor” named Lee Man Hee who claims to have received special revelations and be the “promised pastor” prophesied in the Bible, even more important than Jesus. They deny the deity, bodily resurrection, and physical second coming of Jesus while elevating Lee Man-hee. Salvation requires not only faith in Jesus but also believing in Lee Man-hee and joining Shincheonji. Shincheonji claims to be the “new heaven and new earth” replacing corrupt Christianity, and that people must join their church to have a relationship with God. Members use deception to covertly draw people out of Christian churches through Bible studies before revealing their true beliefs. Christians are urged to be aware of Shincheonji’s unorthodox teachings and deceptive tactics.

The main warning from Tim Martin is that Shincheonji promotes a false pastor, false Jesus, false gospel, and false church that deviates from biblical Christianity centered on Jesus Christ alone.

Watch it on Youtube

Introduction to Shincheonji

Have you ever heard of a religion called Shincheonji? Its full name is Shincheonji Church of Jesus, the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony. This name might be unfamiliar to you, and you may not have met any of its followers. However, it is possible that you have encountered them without realizing who they are, as they often operate in secrecy.

Followers of Shincheonji are taught that it is acceptable to lie to others for the greater good of attracting people to their organization and religion. This secrecy raises concerns about their practices, making it important for Christians to be informed about Shincheonji.

The Meaning Behind the Name

Let’s break down the name Shincheonji. The term “Shincheonji” comes from a Korean word that means “new heaven and new earth.” This religion originates from Korea, which explains the Korean name in its title. While the phrase “new heaven and new earth” may sound benign at first, it is essential to understand what they truly mean by it.

Church of Jesus: Implications of the Name

The next part of their name, “Church of Jesus,” may also seem harmless. Many Christian denominations, such as Assemblies of God or Church of Christ, include the name Jesus in their titles. However, the implications of Shincheonji using the name “Jesus” are significant. According to their official brochure released in early 2024, Shincheonji claims to be the only denomination acknowledged by God .

This statement suggests that by calling themselves the Church of Jesus, they are asserting that they possess the truth, while implying that other churches do not. In their view, Jesus is not part of other churches; He is the owner of Shincheonji, and they believe that both Jesus and God have endorsed this religion.

The Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony

The final part of their name, “the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony,” is derived from Revelation 15:5. On one of their many websites, Shincheonji describes this name as referring to the promised temple where all nations will come to be healed and worship the Lord. They claim that their organization represents the fulfillment of Revelation 15:5, asserting that all nations will gather under Shincheonji to worship in this place. This interpretation will be explored further later.

Tim Martin warns that Shincheonji is a religion that people need to be cautious about. It is important to know who they are and what they teach in order to protect yourself, your friends, family, and church members.

Biblical Warnings Against False Teachers

Before discussing specific warning signs, Martin emphasizes the importance of turning to the Bible for guidance. The Bible repeatedly warns about false teachers. Some people might suggest simply focusing on teaching the truth, but Martin argues that part of teaching the truth involves highlighting these warnings and understanding who they refer to.

In Matthew 7:15, Jesus cautions us to “beware of false prophets who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly are ravenous wolves.” This indicates that false prophets will disguise themselves as harmless, much like wolves dressed as sheep. If a wolf were to charge in, the sheep would scatter, and the shepherd would drive it away. However, a wolf in sheep’s clothing can blend in and select sheep without raising alarm.

Martin explains that false prophets will come disguised, appearing similar to true believers. They might carry a Bible and speak like you, making it easy to be deceived. This is particularly relevant to Shincheonji, as their members often infiltrate churches, pretending to share the same beliefs. They are, in fact, wolves in sheep’s clothing, instructed to deceive and lure people away from their churches.

He contrasts this with the Jehovah’s Witnesses, who are easily recognizable as they approach with Bibles and literature. In contrast, Shincheonji members will integrate into your church community while secretly aiming to draw you into their organization.

Another relevant scripture is 2 Peter 2:1, which states, “false prophets also arose among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you who will secretly bring in destructive heresies, even denying the master who bought them, bringing upon themselves swift destruction.” This verse underscores that false prophets will secretly introduce harmful teachings, a tactic employed by Shincheonji.

The Impact of Beliefs

Martin stresses that beliefs are not neutral; they significantly impact our lives. When false teachers appear as wolves in sheep’s clothing, they introduce destructive heresies that can jeopardize one’s relationship with God.

Many people dismiss theology and doctrine, advocating for a simple relationship with God. However, Martin argues that beliefs profoundly affect this relationship. When false teachers infiltrate, they can lead individuals away from the truth, resulting in dire consequences. He outlines four key points to be aware of regarding Shincheonji:

  • False Pastor: They promote a false pastor.
  • False Jesus: They present a different Jesus than the one described in the Bible.
  • False Gospel: They teach a distorted gospel.
  • False Church: They are part of a misleading church.

Martin promises to elaborate on each of these points to clarify their significance.

Understanding Cult Dynamics: The Case of Shincheonji

In the research conducted into cults within the ministry, four significant signs have emerged that indicate a group may be considered a cult. When these four elements are present, it serves as a warning to be cautious. One common response from Shincheonji regarding the label “cult” is to argue that Jesus himself would have been labeled a cult leader in his time. They use this argument to assert that their church is not a cult.

While it is true that Jesus faced similar accusations, the question remains: how can one discern that Jesus was not a cult leader but indeed the Son of God? The key lies in examining his teachings and the charges against him. For those affiliated with Shincheonji, it is essential to reflect on this and not dismiss the concerns raised.

The Issue of False Pastors

The first topic to explore is the concept of the false pastor. The leader of Shincheonji, Lee Man Hee, is a central figure in this discussion. Some may wonder why the focus is on someone who merely claims to be a pastor. Lee Man Hee identifies himself as the “true pastor,” a claim that aligns closely with the warnings Jesus provided about false prophets. He positions himself as equal to, if not superior to, many biblical prophets.

To provide context, Lee Man Hee was born in 1931 in Korea, making him over 90 years old today. In 1966, he claimed that Jesus had a spiritual second coming, appointing seven Korean messengers to establish the Tabernacle Temple in Korea. Lee Man Hee joined shortly after its founding.

Following the establishment of the Tabernacle Temple, Lee Man Hee asserted that a group of spirits known as the Nicolaitans, referenced in Revelation 2:6-7, sought to deceive these seven messengers. According to him, in 1977, Jesus appeared to Lee Man Hee, instructing him to write letters to these messengers. This act is claimed to fulfill the messages in Revelation chapters 2 and 3.

Revelations and Claims of Authority

In 1980, Lee Man Hee claimed to have fulfilled Revelation chapters 6 and 8 by spiritually ascending to heaven and receiving knowledge of the events described in Revelation. He reported being shown the entire narrative and physical fulfillment of the book. A year later, he began writing a book that he completed in 2007, titled The Creation of Heaven and Earth. He claimed to have finished the manuscript in just 40 days, despite facing publishing challenges.

This book is significant because it is based on his experiences in heaven and his interpretation of the events in Revelation. Lee Man Hee’s authority stems from these experiences, asserting that he possesses the truth and the correct interpretations of these biblical events.

In 1984, he founded Shincheonji and established the twelve tribes of Israel, claiming that its members are part of these biblical tribes. This development highlights Lee Man Hee’s self-perception and his authoritative role within the group. Although he presents himself as a humble farmer, his influence extends far beyond that characterization.

Self-Identification and Claims of Revelation

On an official Shincheonji website, Lee Man Hee stated, “I didn’t learn through seminary or a person; just like the apostle John saw the things of heaven, I am just testifying to what I have seen and heard.” He likens himself to John, an ordinary individual who recorded the revelations he received. This comparison underscores Lee Man Hee’s belief that he, too, is an ordinary person endowed with extraordinary insights into the fulfillment of Revelation.

As the investigation into Shincheonji continues, it is vital to analyze these claims critically and consider the implications of such assertions on the lives of its members and the broader community.

 

Understanding the Claims of Lee Man Hee

The insights shared here do not stem from traditional study or seminary education. Instead, they arise solely from revelations received. It is essential to reflect on the content of these revelations: 

what lessons have been learned, and what teachings are being imparted? In one of their online teaching videos, particularly on YouTube, several events are depicted that illustrate these points.

In this official video, Jesus is portrayed as saying, “I am back.” This statement signifies His spiritual return. He is shown descending from the clouds, surrounded by angels. An angel at the bottom of the scene identifies Lee Man Hee as “the chosen pastor.” The caption clarifies that the promised pastor is one who is chosen when the covenant of Jesus is fulfilled. 

According to their teachings, this covenant was fulfilled in 1966, marking Lee Man Hee as the new promised pastor upon Jesus’ return. This portrayal clearly indicates how they view Lee Man Hee’s identity.

Another scene from the video illustrates Lee Man Hee’s ascension to heaven, where he consumes the open scrolls mentioned in Revelation chapters 6 and 8. The caption states that he eats “the manna of eternal life and the fruit of life,” suggesting that he sits with Jesus on His throne and receives the authority to judge. The claim is made that he rules over all nations with an iron scepter. This raises the question: Is he merely a humble farmer, as he claims, or does he indeed hold authority over all nations? It seems contradictory; while he presents himself as a humble farmer, to his followers in Shincheonji, he is depicted as ruling with great power.

Lee Man Hee’s role is not limited to this life; it extends into eternity, signifying his importance to his followers. Thus, labeling Shincheonji’s leader as a false pastor is not merely about questioning a local pastor’s integrity. It points to something much deeper and more concerning that warrants our attention.

One way to understand his significance is through the titles he adopts. He often refers to himself as the chairman, indicating his leadership over Shincheonji, which is not inherently problematic. 

However, he also uses titles such as “the true pastor” and “the promised pastor.” The title of promised pastor is particularly prominent. It is crucial to explore what he means by this designation.

In his book, The Creation of Heaven and Earth, which he authored following divine revelations, he explains that the role of promised pastors is to initiate a new generation of God’s people. This contrasts with the older generation, represented by the Jews, who are seen as the earlier followers of God.

The Role of Promised Pastors

Introduction to Promised Pastors

A promised pastor initiates a new generation of God’s people. Notable examples of promised pastors include Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. According to Lee Man Hee, he is elevated to the status of a promised pastor, placing him on the same level as these significant biblical figures. This concept of promised pastors is essential because they are not only prophetic figures but also fulfill biblical prophecy.

Fulfillment of Prophecy

Promised pastors, like Jesus, fulfill many prophecies from the Old Testament. Lee Man Hee claims that he also fulfills biblical prophecies, which is central to the identity of a promised pastor. However, it is important to recognize that there are other types of pastors as well.

The Role of General Pastors

According to Lee Man Hee, general pastors have a distinct role compared to promised pastors. In his book, The Creation of Heaven and Earth, he describes general pastors as those who testify about the work completed by the promised pastor by proclaiming the gospel. After Jesus’ arrival, the responsibility of general pastors shifted to proclaiming Jesus as the promised pastor. Their mission is to spread the message of Jesus, who was the promised pastor.

Transition to New Promised Pastors

When a new promised pastor emerges, general pastors are expected to hand over the care of their congregations to him. In Lee Man Hee’s view, now that he has come as the new promised pastor, it becomes the duty of general pastors to direct their congregations toward him. This involves disbanding their churches, changing their names, and becoming followers of Lee Man Hee.

As a result of this teaching, organizations like Shinchonji have been able to absorb entire churches worldwide. Entire congregations have been influenced and convinced by their teachings, not just individual members. An example of this can be seen in Tanzania, where a church removed its sign and replaced it with a Shinchonji sign, illustrating the fulfillment of Lee Man Hee’s teachings.

The Impact of Shinchonji

Shinchonji actively enters churches, persuading members to adopt their doctrines, often covertly influencing entire congregations globally. Lee Man Hee is portrayed as the true pastor and the promised pastor who overcomes challenges. This notion is supported by references to Revelation 2:6-7, which discusses the Nicolaitans. The one who overcomes is described as someone who detests the Nicolaitans, and Lee Man Hee’s writings are said to have empowered him to overcome these adversaries.

Lee Man Hee as the New John

Lee Man Hee is also referred to as the new John, paralleling the original John who recorded the book of Revelation. Lee Man Hee claims to have been taken up to heaven, where he was shown the events of Revelation, positioning him as the contemporary counterpart to John.

The Advocate

In addition to being the new John, Lee Man Hee is identified as the advocate, a concept derived from John 14:26. This verse discusses the comforter, or the Holy Spirit, which is viewed as the spirit of truth. While some interpret these references as pertaining to Lee Man Hee, it is crucial to clarify that the Holy Spirit is distinct from Lee Man Hee himself. Instead, the spirit of truth visits Lee Man Hee, making him the physical advocate in this context.

The Tree of Life and Its Fruit

What does a tree do? It bears fruit for people to eat. In this context, Lee Man Hee is likened to the tree of life mentioned in Revelation 22. He produces teachings that people accept, believe in, and follow. This represents the fruit of the tree of life, which he is supposedly embodying.

Lee Man Hee is also identified as the son of God in Revelation 21:7. This verse states that the one who conquers will be God’s son. Therefore, he is portrayed as someone who overcomes, specifically conquering the Nicolaitans.

Titles and Self-Perception

Lee Man Hee, he is referred to as the son of God in Revelation 21:7. However, this does not imply that he claims the same status as Jesus, who is uniquely the son of God. It is essential to understand the titles attributed to Lee Man Hee: true pastor, promised pastor, and New John.

Is he merely claiming to be a pastor? Are we unfairly targeting this individual, described as a poor little old farmer? No, the focus here is on what Lee Man Hee believes about himself and the role he perceives he should play in the lives of others, including friends, family, and church members.

This self-perception raises questions about his authority and position. One hallmark of cults is the presence of false pastors and prophets, and Lee Man Hee certainly teaches about a false Jesus.

The False Jesus

In 2 Corinthians 11:4, the Apostle Paul warns that if someone proclaims another Jesus, it indicates the existence of many false versions of Jesus. There is only one true Jesus, but false teachings can lead people astray. Shincheonji, the group associated with Lee Man Hee, indeed promotes a false Jesus.

Let’s examine some of their beliefs regarding Jesus.

Rejection of Jesus’s Deity

First, Shincheonji outright rejects the deity of Jesus, asserting that he is not God. According to one of their lessons titled On the Doctrine of the Trinity, they state that Jesus is not God but a separate spiritual being.

As Trinitarians, we recognize that while Jesus is not the Father, this does not imply he is a different being from the Father. The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are all God, distinct persons yet one being. However, Lee Man Hee teaches that Jesus is merely a separate spiritual being, which is a significant deviation from traditional Christian doctrine.

Denial of the Bodily Resurrection

Another critical aspect of their teaching is the rejection of Jesus’s bodily resurrection. This was briefly touched upon in the discussion of their history. In Lee Man Hee’s book, The Physical Fulfillment of Revelation, he refers to 1 Peter 3:18-19, stating that Jesus was made alive in the Spirit and preached to the spirits in prison.

While this interpretation aligns with the biblical text, Lee Man Hee draws a conclusion that is misleading. He claims that these words indicate that Jesus, who is returning with the clouds, is a spirit. However, this interpretation does not follow logically. Just because Jesus preached to the spirits in prison as a spirit does not mean that he is only a spirit. Later in 1 Peter, it discusses his resurrection, affirming that he was indeed resurrected after his crucifixion.

The Second Coming of Jesus

Shincheonji also rejects the idea of Jesus’s bodily second coming. They assert that he returned spiritually in 1966, which contradicts the traditional belief in a physical return. Revelation 1:7 states, “Behold, he is coming with the clouds.” In a cartoon image created by Shincheonji, they depict Jesus coming down in the clouds, but they interpret this as a spiritual event rather than a physical one.

Their explanation of Revelation 1:7 suggests a significant misinterpretation of the scripture. The belief in a spiritual rather than a physical second coming is a fundamental error in their doctrine.

Misinterpretation of Scripture

Lee Man Hee’s teachings often reflect a broader trend of misinterpreting scripture to fit his narrative. For instance, they may take verses out of context or apply them in ways that diverge from traditional interpretations. This approach can lead followers to adopt beliefs that are inconsistent with the core tenets of Christianity.

The Role of Hope and Seed

In understanding the teachings of Lee Man Hee, it is essential to recognize the concepts of hope and seed. He may present his ideas as a form of hope for believers, suggesting that following his teachings will lead to spiritual fulfillment. However, this hope is built on a foundation of false teachings, which can lead followers away from the true message of the Gospel.

The notion of the seed is also significant in this context. Lee Man Hee may use this metaphor to describe the planting of his teachings in the hearts of his followers, emphasizing growth and fulfillment. However, it is crucial to discern whether this seed is rooted in truth or falsehood.

The Era of Open and Sealed Teachings

Lee Man Hee’s teachings also touch upon the idea of an era of open versus sealed revelations. He may claim that certain truths have been revealed to him that were previously sealed, suggesting a unique authority over understanding scripture. This claim can be appealing to those seeking deeper spiritual insights but can also lead to manipulation and control.

The Interpretation of Revelation 1:7

Instead of coming visibly and physically for everyone to see, some interpret Revelation 1:7 to mean that he comes with the clouds, suggesting that he is invisible, as clouds can obscure visibility.

But is that the true meaning of Revelation 1:7? No, it is not. We need to consider the context. The following words state that every eye will see him, including those who pierced him, and all the tribes of the earth will mourn because of him. Some might argue that the clouds will conceal him, making him unseen, while claiming that every eye will perceive him through Lee Man Hee’s teachings.

Misinterpretation of Scripture

However, this interpretation is misguided. The phrase “coming with the clouds” does not imply that no one will see him; rather, it indicates that everyone will recognize him. This is a poor interpretation of the word of God and clearly misrepresents what it says. Such readings deny the true teachings of the Bible about Jesus.

Claims About Jesus by Lee Man Hee

Now, let’s examine some of the claims Lee Man Hee makes about Jesus. We’ve heard before that Jesus is the true pastor and the promised pastor. He is also described as the advocate, the tree of life, the son of God, and the one who overcomes.

Comparison Between Lee Man Hee and Jesus

When you look at what Lee Man Hee claims about Jesus, it may seem somewhat familiar. This is because it mirrors the claims Lee Man Hee makes about himself. Both Lee Man Hee and Jesus are presented as true pastors and promised pastors. However, Jesus acts as an advocate in a different manner than Lee Man Hee does.

Roles of Advocate and Tree of Life

According to 1 John 2:1, Jesus serves as an advocate, while Lee Man Hee’s role is described in John 14. Jesus is identified as the tree of life from the Garden of Eden, whereas Lee Man Hee’s claim as the tree of life comes from the book of Revelation. Jesus is the son of God because he was born to Mary without a physical father, while Lee Man Hee is referred to as the son of God in Revelation 21:7 because he conquers.

The Concept of Overcoming

Moreover, Jesus is the one who overcame in the past, while Lee Man Hee claims to be the one who overcomes in the present. It’s important to focus on this distinction. We know that Lee Man Hee is portrayed as the one who overcomes, and Jesus is recognized for overcoming, as stated in Revelation 12. Both figures hold significant importance in their respective roles.

The Role of Lee Man Hee and Jesus in Overcoming Challenges

We both needed Lee Man Hee and Jesus to overcome challenges. However, without Lee Man Hee’s contributions, Jesus’s actions would be meaningless. Lee Man Hee, he asserts that from the creation of heaven and earth, he has played a crucial role.

The Importance of Fighting Against Falsehood

On page 431, it states that although Jesus triumphed over Satan in the spiritual realm, as noted in Revelation 12, God’s kingdom, salvation, power, and authority cannot manifest without someone who fights and defeats Satan’s pastors in the physical world. Jesus fulfilled his role, but if Lee Man Hee, he did not fulfill his part, then Jesus’s sacrifice would have been in vain. Therefore, Lee Man Hee has elevated his work to a level of equal significance as that of Jesus.

This represents a false Jesus taught by a false pastor and a false prophet. Additionally, there are other important points to consider. We must be aware of false pastors, a false Jesus, and a false gospel. The Bible warns us about false gospels.

Warnings Against False Gospels

Throughout the New Testament, particularly in Galatians chapter 1, the apostle Paul warns us: even if we or an angel from heaven preaches a gospel contrary to what we have preached to you, let him be accursed. Preaching a different gospel is a serious matter. Paul emphasizes this again, stating that if anyone preaches a gospel different from the one you received, let him be accursed.

So, what is the gospel that Paul taught? Deviating from it, according to Paul, warrants being accursed. We must not teach a false gospel; this is serious business. Let’s examine what Paul wrote in Romans chapter 5, which is crucial. In verse 8, he states that God demonstrates his love for us in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us.

The True Gospel According to Paul

Even while we were still sinners, he did not wait for us to cease being sinners before applying the atonement, the gift of salvation. While we were sinners, Christ died for us. In verse 10, Paul continues that while we were enemies, we were reconciled to God through the death of his Son. Now that we are reconciled, we shall be saved by his life. We transitioned from being enemies to being reconciled to God through the death of his Son. This is the true gospel as spoken by the Apostle Paul.

The Misconceptions of Shincheonji

In Shincheonji, it is not solely through faith or grace that we are saved; it is only by the atonement of Jesus Christ. There are actions you must take and beliefs you must hold. More scripture supports this, as seen in Ephesians chapter 2, where it says that by grace you have been saved through faith, and this is not from yourselves; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast.

While we were enemies of God, Paul tells us that we were reconciled by grace, not based on our works or what we have done, nor based on the organization we belong to. It is essential to be part of a good Bible-believing church that teaches the truth about Jesus and the gospel, but that alone will not guarantee your entry into heaven. Only Jesus can do that. The church can guide you, but Shincheonji insists that you must belong to their organization.

The Promised Pastor and Eternal Life

Lee Man Hee states that when the promised pastor from the Old Testament arrived, believers needed to know both the true God and Jesus Christ to gain eternal life. So far, so good. But who is this promised pastor? He claims it was Jesus. However, we know the Old Testament does not mention the word “pastor.” Nevertheless, let’s assume he is correct.

When the promised pastor from the Old Testament came, that was Jesus. Believers needed to know both Jesus and God to attain eternal life. From Jesus’s death on the cross until 1966, knowing both Jesus and God was necessary for eternal life.

However, Lee Man Hee states that when the end of the age arrives, during the time of the second coming of Jesus, it is no longer sufficient to know just God and Jesus. After the cross, from the time of Jesus until the second coming, believers needed to believe in him. According to Shincheonji, the second coming occurred in 1966. After this date, it is inadequate to believe only in God and Jesus; believers must also know the pastor promised in the New Testament.

The Requirement of Knowing Lee Man Hee

You already understand what this means. Knowing him is essential for salvation. It is not merely about faith in Jesus anymore; you must also know about Lee Man Hee, he, and have faith in him. Building on this, Lee Man Hee states that many people believe they are saved simply by believing in Jesus. Ultimately, those who fail to follow the promised pastor sent by Jesus do not genuinely believe in Jesus.

So, if you claim to follow Jesus, praying to him and believing in him, it is not enough. You must also accept Lee Man Hee, he, as the promised pastor. For members of Shincheonji, it goes deeper than just replacing Jesus with Lee Man Hee, he. It’s not simply about substituting one for the other; there are numerous works you must perform to achieve salvation.

The Path to Salvation According to Shincheonji

According to a website, to enter the presence of the holy God and dwell with him in heaven, we must possess good and noble hearts filled with faith that leads to acts of righteousness. Only by doing so can we attain salvation on that day. What do you need for eternal life? A good and noble heart, acts of righteousness. You must know who Lee Man Hee, he is, believe in him, and fulfill all these requirements to attain salvation.

Thus, they have a false pastor, a false Jesus, a false gospel, and a false church. If you are convinced by what I have pointed out, then yes, their church is a false church. But what do we mean by a false church? Cults often claim to be the only true church on earth, insisting you must belong to their organization to be right with God.

The True Mediator

However, the Bible does not state that you must be part of God’s only true church to be saved. It is not your church that brings you to God and cleanses you of sin. According to 1 Timothy 2:5, there is one God and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus.

Who is your mediator? Jesus Christ. Shincheonji claims that Lee Man Hee, he is your mediator, and their church serves as your mediator as well. In other words, it is not just about believing that Lee Man Hee, he is God’s promised pastor; you must also belong to this organization. According to their teachings, the organization itself is part of your eternal destiny.

The New Heaven and New Earth

Let’s revisit what I mentioned at the beginning. Shincheonji claims to be the new heaven and new earth. The term Shincheonji is a Korean phrase meaning the new heaven and new earth. We have referenced this.

The new heaven and new earth are said to be created after the former heaven, which is Christianity, became corrupt and came to an end. This is from their official Shincheonji website. What do they mean by the new heaven and the new earth? Consider this: it signifies the new heaven and new earth created after the former heaven. What is the former heaven? The former heaven is Christianity.

The Concept of Former Heaven

The term “former heaven” indicates that it is no longer a heaven; it no longer fits within God’s plan. Christianity was part of God’s plan until the second coming in 1966, but now, God has moved on. That is why it is referred to as the former heaven. The new heaven and new earth have emerged.

The Fate of Christianity

What happened to Christianity? The text states that it became corrupt and reached its end. Essentially, Christianity has fallen off the map; it is gone. Now, God is only working with his church, which is Shincheonji. In this new creation of heaven and earth, Lee Man Hee explains that at the end of the age, believers must find the promised pastor—the one who overcomes—to achieve eternal life and enter the kingdom of heaven. And where will this happen? We already know the answer.

The Role of the One Who Overcomes

God and Jesus are present with the one who overcomes and his temple. Therefore, all nations must go there to worship. If you wish to have a relationship with God and Jesus, you must go to Shincheonji. They serve as your mediator between you and God. Simply believing in Jesus or having faith in God is not enough; you must also believe in the promised pastor, perform your works, and join Shincheonji.

Membership and Salvation

Your relationship with God and your salvation hinge on being a member of their church. Attending your Baptist, Presbyterian, or Pentecostal church does not align with what God wants from you.

Understanding Shincheonji’s Beliefs

Returning to the book on page 32, Lee Man Hee states that since Satan means divider and opposer, it should be clear that anyone who breaks away from them and opposes them is considered Satan. He is not claiming that we are literally Satan for disagreeing with them; rather, we fall into that category. According to Shincheonji, if you are not part of them, you are equated with Satan. This belief creates a very black-and-white view of religion.

Warning Signs About Shincheonji

There are four significant warning signs regarding Shincheonji: false pastor, false church, false Jesus, and a false gospel. Additionally, it’s important to understand how they recruit members into their organization. They will mislead you, as they believe that lying is acceptable.

Targeting Potential Converts

Who are they trying to deceive? They are targeting you and your church. While they may engage with atheists on the street, their primary goal is to convert Christians. According to their beliefs, Jesus established his church in the New Testament, then died on the cross. Seeds were sown in the church, with both bad and good seeds present. In 1966, a change occurred; God declared that he was finished with the church because it had become corrupt.

The Harvest Doctrine

Now, if God is going to gather his people, where will this occur? They believe it will be from your church, which they see as the harvest field. Their doctrine suggests that they aim to enter your church to convince you that you need to be harvested out. The creation book states that it is time for a new spiritual Israel, which they claim to be—the generation of Shincheonji—to establish God’s kingdom on earth by gathering believers from existing churches.

The Role of Harvesters

They refer to themselves as harvesters, and they are assigned to infiltrate your churches. In Korea, some Christian churches even display signs stating “no harvesters,” signaling that they do not want Shincheonji members attempting to convert their congregants.

Recruitment Tactics

Shincheonji members will lie about their true identity. They will try to befriend you and your loved ones to draw them into their organization. How do their harvesters approach potential converts? Often, they infiltrate churches directly or connect through friends or family members. You might hear about a wonderful Bible study teacher or a mentor who is sharing great insights, encouraging you to check it out. However, this mentor will not raise any alarm bells or mention Lee Man Hee or Shincheonji initially.

Indoctrination Process

You may need to study with them for an extended period—sometimes up to a year—before they reveal their true identity. They aim to wait until you are thoroughly indoctrinated and convinced that there must be a true pastor, the promised pastor, who will come. Only after reaching that point will they disclose their true nature, keeping that information hidden from you.

Caution in Engagement

They do not typically identify themselves as Shincheonji upfront. Their recruitment strategies include engaging through friends or family, proselytizing on college campuses, and utilizing social media platforms like Facebook and dating apps to connect with potential members. Another significant aspect of their outreach involves blood drives and humanitarian aid projects, which often serve as front groups. At these events, they may befriend attendees and attempt to invite them to their studies.

When they approach you, they will make a strong effort to befriend you, which is not inherently wrong—building friendships is a key part of evangelism. They will try to relate to you and express interest in your activities.

Introduction to Shincheonji Tactics

Tim Martin discusses the strategies employed by members of Shincheonji, a religious group that often seeks to acquire personal information from potential recruits. Former members have shared testimonies highlighting how these individuals will attempt to obtain your contact details and photographs. Once they have this information, it is compiled into a file that includes details about your life. This file is then shared with the group’s leaders, who use this knowledge to manipulate and draw you into their organization.

Recruitment Methods

Shincheonji members often emphasize the importance of hearing from a specific teacher, claiming that he possesses true insights into the book of Revelation and the genuine meanings behind Jesus’ parables. Their focus on these parables is a key part of their recruitment strategy. They will invite you to Bible studies and may offer free Bible courses, which can sound appealing, especially when a certificate is involved. For many individuals, particularly in certain countries, the idea of a free Bible course is enticing. However, the question remains: who are they really, and what do they genuinely believe?

Example of Deceptive Courses

An example provided by Martin is a Bible course from South Africa, openly branded as Shincheonji. This course covers scripture from Genesis to Revelation and offers two tracks: one for active pastors and another for all believers. While the course may appear inclusive, the underlying goal of Shincheonji is to persuade participants that they must become followers of their teachings. They do not aim to educate pastors to spread the true gospel; instead, they intend to recruit them into their fold, convincing them to adhere to the teachings of Shincheonji and its leader, Lee Man Hee.

The Wisdom of Hiding

Shincheonji members often do not openly admit their affiliation with the group. When they do acknowledge it, they may justify their deception through a concept they refer to as the “wisdom of hiding.” This internal philosophy allows them to rationalize lying as a means to further their religious agenda. For instance, they reference the story of Abraham in Genesis, who did not disclose his intentions to sacrifice Isaac. Shincheonji interprets this as a justification for lying to protect God’s plans, claiming that such deception is acceptable to advance the kingdom of God.

Former members have expressed feelings of guilt and deception, particularly when they were instructed to lie to their families before fully committing to Shincheonji. During Bible studies, they were discouraged from taking notes home, fearing that someone might discover their involvement. The level of deception within the group is significant, as they often evade questions about their church affiliation. When asked about their church, they might claim to be non-denominational, yet they avoid providing specific details about their actual church.

Misleading Church Names

In some regions, such as parts of Africa, Shincheonji members may use names like “Hope Church” to disguise their affiliation. While the name may sound appealing, it is, in fact, a Shincheonji church. The organization also operates under various front groups, making it difficult for outsiders to recognize their true identity. Some of these names include Zion Truth Bible Center, Zion Christian Mission, Pathways Bible Training Institute, and Zion Christian Seminary. Although these names may seem innocuous at first glance, involvement with these groups often leads to the realization that they are part of a cult.

Humanitarian Facades

Additionally, Shincheonji has established numerous organizations that appear to be humanitarian or social programs, further obscuring their true intentions. Examples of these include the Heavenly Culture World Peace Restoration of Light, the World Alliance of Religious Peace Summit, and the Declaration of Peace and Cessation of War. These initiatives may give an impression of goodwill, but they are often linked back to the Shincheonji agenda.

In summary, the tactics employed by Shincheonji highlight a complex web of manipulation and deception aimed at drawing individuals into their fold. Understanding these methods is crucial for recognizing the potential dangers associated with this group.

Understanding Shincheonji’s Agenda

In the exploration of religious affiliations, one might initially think they are engaging with a singular belief system, only to discover that it is a religion pushing its own agenda. Many individuals may encounter groups that appear to accept them as fellow Christians. “Oh, yeah, we’re all Christians, right?” However, as Christians, one can fellowship with a variety of beliefs, including Pentecostals and conservatives. If you name the name of Christ and believe that He died on the cross for your sins, you are part of the Christian community.

The Perception of Other Churches

Despite this diversity, some groups view church members outside their teachings with suspicion. In “The Creation of Heaven and Earth,” it is stated that church members and pastors who do not adhere to their doctrines are described as spiritual children of Babylon the Great, referred to as the mother of prostitutes. This perspective reveals a stark belief held by Lee Man Hee, the leader of Shincheonji, who claims to have received this revelation from God. According to this belief, those in other churches are part of Babylon the Great.

Furthermore, the “wine of adulteries” symbolizes the false teachings attributed to these churches. In this context, their beliefs are likened to the wine of adulteries, marking them as part of the mother of prostitutes. This characterization is critical to understanding how Shincheonji perceives other Christian denominations.

Recent Statements from Shincheonji

In a recent official press release from Shincheonji in 2023, the organization claims to promote mutual growth and understanding among churches in South Korea. They assert that Shincheonji has collaborated with thousands of churches both nationally and internationally. Lee Man Hee positions himself as a steadfast advocate for mutual biblical exchange.

This notion of mutual growth and collaboration sounds positive on the surface. It reflects an ideal attitude toward fellow believers, regardless of their church affiliation. However, when juxtaposed with the earlier statements, it raises questions. Why would Shincheonji seek to establish mutual growth and understanding with those they label as part of Babylon the Great? It appears contradictory.

The Deceptive Nature of Claims

The idea of advocating for mutual biblical exchange with those they consider to hold twisted and false beliefs is perplexing. It suggests a level of deception on their part. They may be attempting to create an illusion of openness to lure others into their religious framework, convincing them of the validity of their beliefs.

Evidence of this can be found in one of their YouTube videos, which features a cartoon depicting individuals outside the Shincheonji Church. One woman bids farewell to her old church, declaring, “I am going to the church where the truth can be found.” Her friend responds, indicating that it is Shincheonji where Jesus comes in spirit and works through one chosen person—Lee Man Hee. This highlights the central figure in their belief system.

The Implications for Believers

The caption accompanying the video states, “We Shincheonji, who know all this, continue to pray for believers in darkness.” This phrase underscores how they perceive those outside their organization. According to Shincheonji, if you belong to another church, you are considered a believer in darkness. They believe that God has abandoned your church and that you should leave it to join Shincheonji.

In contrast to groups like Jehovah’s Witnesses, who are easily identifiable as they distribute literature door-to-door, Shincheonji operates differently. Their methods of outreach and the subtleties of their teachings can make it challenging to recognize their agenda.

Biblical Context

This discussion can be further understood through biblical references. For example, Revelation 18:2 describes Babylon the Great as a fallen entity, symbolizing corruption and false teachings. This context is crucial when considering how Shincheonji views other Christian groups and their own teachings.

In conclusion, the dynamics within Shincheonji and their perception of other churches reveal a complex interplay of beliefs and agendas. Their claims of mutual understanding and collaboration stand in stark contrast to their underlying characterization of those outside their faith.

Recognizing Deceptive Influences

In today’s world, it can be challenging to discern true intentions. As Tim Martin explains, individuals may approach you disguised as “wolves in sheep’s clothing.” They might appear similar to you, speaking your language and even carrying a Bible.

Signs to Look For

Exaggerated Enthusiasm

One key indicator to watch for is an exaggerated enthusiasm directed toward you. While it is natural to feel joy in meeting new people, especially those outside your church, this enthusiasm can become excessive. For instance, they may express sentiments like, “You’re the best thing in the world! We are so happy to know you!” This level of excitement can feel overwhelming and may include requests for pictures or personal stories. This behavior is often referred to as “love bombing,” and it serves a deeper purpose than mere friendliness.

Intrusive Questions

Another warning sign is an exaggerated interest in your personal information. If someone begins asking intrusive or peculiar questions about your life, it may raise red flags. You might think, “What’s the harm in sharing a little?” However, be cautious; they may be trying to manipulate your thoughts and feelings. Their eagerness to gather personal details can be a tactic to gain control over you.

Evasive Affiliations

Additionally, pay attention to how they respond when asked about their church affiliations. If they say they attend a non-denominational church but do not provide specific details, this could indicate something amiss. For example, if someone invites you to their Bible study but avoids disclosing which church it is associated with, consider why they might be withholding that information. A genuine invitation would come with transparency. If someone were to ask me about my church, I would readily share that I attend a Bible Fellowship church, where we have Bible study on Tuesdays. Hiding such information raises questions about their motives.

Focus on Specific Teachings

Lastly, be wary of teachings that place an unusual emphasis on parables and the book of Revelation. Some groups focus heavily on these topics, claiming to possess unique interpretations or insights. For instance, Lee Man Hee, a prominent figure in certain circles, asserts that he has been shown all the events described in Revelation and seeks to explain them to others. When discussing parables, they often refer to prophecies, which can lead to misunderstandings about their true meanings.

Jesus stated that the things in the Bible point to Him. However, some individuals, like Lee Man Hee, suggest that the New Testament also points directly to them. They may claim that prophecies about Jesus were fulfilled in His coming, and they interpret the New Testament as a collection of prophecies and parables that have now come to fruition. It is crucial to remain vigilant and discerning about such teachings.

Discernment and Awareness

It is essential to be aware of the beliefs of those around you. Engage with members of your church community about new Bible studies or teachings that arise. Asking questions can help clarify their intentions and beliefs. For instance, if you confront members of groups like Shincheonji and ask them directly about their affiliation with Lee Man Hee, they might respond evasively, denying any connection. One former member admitted that if someone had asked him if he was a follower of Lee Man Hee, he would have feigned ignorance.

This tendency to lie is not merely a personal choice but is often seen as a spiritual obligation within certain groups. Understanding this dynamic is vital for anyone looking to navigate these complex interactions.

Conclusion

Awareness of groups like Shincheonji is essential. Only by recognizing who they are and what they genuinely believe can you approach them with love grounded in truth. This message aims to help you distinguish between truth and falsehood, enabling you to speak truthfully and lovingly to those who may be misled.

As a reminder, 1 Thessalonians 5:21-22 states, “Examine everything carefully; hold fast to that which is good; abstain from every form of evil.” This verse encourages us to be vigilant and discerning in our spiritual journeys.

This video by Tim Martin provides an overview of the Shincheonji Church of Jesus, the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony, a religious group originating from Korea, based on the information presented in the provided source, “Beware of Shincheonji!”. It aims to highlight key themes, beliefs, and deceptive practices associated with the group, particularly regarding their teachings and recruitment strategies. The source frames Shincheonji as a dangerous cult that Christians should be aware of and warned against, due to its false teachings and manipulative tactics.

Main Themes

1.- Secrecy and Deception:

  • Shincheonji operates in secrecy, with members often concealing their affiliation.
  • Members are taught it is acceptable to lie for the “greater good” of drawing people into the organization.
  • This deceptive approach makes it difficult to identify Shincheonji members, as they may appear to be ordinary Christians, even attending other churches. As the source points out, “They are actually told that it’s okay to lie to you. It’s okay to lie for the greater good of drawing people into their organization…”

2.- False Teachings:

  • The group’s full name, Shincheonji Church of Jesus, the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony, is a misrepresentation of true Christian theology. Shincheonji means “new heaven and new earth” in Korean. The speaker notes “the word Shincheonji comes from a Korean word meaning new heaven and new earth.”
  • They claim to be the “only denomination acknowledged by God” and to be the fulfillment of Revelation 15:5, stating that their organization, their church, is a fulfillment of Revelation 15.5, the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony, and all nations will be gathered together under Shincheonji to worship at this place.
  • The speaker notes their claims from an official brochure, stating “Shincheonji is the only denomination acknowledged by God.”
  • They reject the traditional Christian understanding of Jesus’s deity, viewing him as a separate spiritual being, not God, and reject his bodily resurrection and second coming, claiming instead that he returned spiritually in 1966. The source notes that they believe, “Jesus is not God, but a separate spiritual being.”
  • The source notes Shincheonji’s beliefs from Lee Man-hee’s book The Physical Fulfillment of Revelation where it says, “These words tell us that Jesus, who is returning with the clouds, is a spirit.”

3.- False Pastor: Lee Man Hee

  • The central figure and leader of Shincheonji is Lee Man-hee, who they believe is the “promised pastor”, “the true pastor” and on par with figures like Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.
  • He is claimed to have had direct revelations from God, including ascending to heaven and seeing the events of Revelation firsthand. Lee Man-hee himself has said, “I didn’t learn through seminary or a person, just like the apostle John saw the things of heaven, I am just testifying to what I have seen and heard.”
  • He is believed to have eaten the open scrolls and been shown the physical fulfillment of Revelation and that “He eats the manna of eternal life and the fruit of life. He sits with Jesus on his throne and receives the authority to judge. He rules over all nations with the iron scepter.”
  • Members believe he is the one who overcomes, the new John, the advocate, the tree of life, and the son of God (not in the same way as Jesus, but through his conquests). The source notes “the one who overcomes is the one who hates the Nicolaitans.” They also believe “the Holy Spirit of truth is the advocate, but it’s not Leman, he. It’s a spirit, but it comes to Leman, he, which makes Leman, he the physical advocate.”
  • He believes promised pastors “start a new generation of God’s people.”
  • Lee Man-hee believes that general pastors should hand their sheep to him. According to the source, “when the promised pastor comes, these general pastors should hand the sheep they have cared for over to him.”

4.- False Gospel:

  • Shincheonji’s doctrine of salvation is based on works and knowledge, not solely on grace through faith in Jesus. The source points out that, “believers must also know the pastor promised in the New Testament [Lee Man-hee].”
  • They believe salvation requires being a member of their organization and following the teachings of Lee Man-hee.
  • The source also notes that “if we are to enter into the presence of the holy God and live with him in heaven, we must have a good and noble hearts filled with the kind of faith that leads to acts of righteousness. Only in doing so, we can attain salvation on that day.”
  • The speaker quotes Lee Man-hee directly in stating, “many people think that they are saved just by believing in Jesus. Ultimately, people who fail to follow the one promised pastor sent by Jesus do not really believe in Jesus.”

5.- False Church:

  • Shincheonji views itself as the “new heaven and new earth,” replacing traditional Christianity, which they believe became “corrupt” and “came to its end.” The source points out that “it’s the new heaven and new earth that is created after the former heaven. What is the former heaven? The former heaven is Christianity. So former heaven means it’s not a heaven anymore.”
  • They claim that all nations must come and worship at their temple, and “God and Jesus are with the one who overcomes and his temple. Therefore, all nations must go and worship there.”
  • Lee Man-hee claims, “since Satan means divider and opposer, it should be obvious that anyone who breaks away from us and opposes us is Satan.”

6.- Manipulative Recruitment Tactics:

  • Shincheonji members infiltrate churches, befriend individuals, and use social media, dating apps, and “front groups” to recruit members.
  • They often start with seemingly innocuous Bible studies, keeping their true affiliation hidden for a long time. The source points out, “You will need to be studying with them, sometimes for up to a year before they even tell you who they really are.”
  • Members are encouraged to get personal information, contact information, and photos from potential recruits for their database.
  • They justify lying through what they call “the wisdom of hiding,” using biblical examples like Abraham to argue that it’s acceptable to lie for God’s purposes. The source notes that, according to Shincheonji, “it’s okay to lie to people in order to get them further into the kingdom of God.”
  • They evade questions about their affiliation and use different names for their churches and organizations. Examples include, Zion Truth Bible Center, Zion Christian Mission, Pathways Bible Training Institute, Zion Christian Seminary, Heavenly Culture World Peace Restoration of Light, and World Alliance of Religious Peace Summit.
  • They present themselves as open to “mutual biblical exchange” with other churches but secretly consider them part of “Babylon the Great, the mother of prostitutes,” and that they teach “the wine of adulteries.” According to the source, “church members and pastors are spiritual children of Babylon the Great, the mother of prostitutes.”
  • Their goal is to “harvest” members from existing churches, viewing them as a field in which to find new followers. According to Lee Man-hee, “it is now time for new spiritual Israel, which is them, which is the generation of Shincheonji, to create God’s kingdom on earth by harvesting the wheat- like believers, the church members.”

Key Ideas and Facts

  • Origin: Shincheonji originated in Korea.
  • Leader: Lee Man Hee is considered the promised pastor and central figure.
  • False Jesus: They do not believe that Jesus is God, nor in his bodily resurrection or second coming.
  • False Gospel: They teach a gospel of works and knowledge, requiring belief in Lee Man Hee and membership in Shincheonji.
  • False Church: They claim to be the only true church and consider traditional churches as corrupt.
  • Deception: Lying is acceptable to recruit, and members conceal their affiliation.
  • “Harvesters”: They view themselves as harvesters in other churches.
  • Target: They primarily target Christians to convert.
  • Emphasis: They have an odd emphasis on parables and Revelation.
  • Warning: The source provides warnings of the bible that teach to “beware of the false prophets who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly are ravenous wolves” and “false prophets also rose among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you who will secretly bring in destructive heresies.”

Conclusion

Shincheonji is presented as a dangerous group characterized by its deceptive practices, false teachings, and cult-like structure. The video by Tim Martin advises Christians to be aware of Shincheonji, to know their false doctrines and manipulative methods, and to be discerning when approached by individuals or groups who exhibit the characteristics described. It emphasizes that Shincheonji has an alternative goal than what it projects, which is to destroy traditional churches by drawing out members. The document highlights the importance of examining everything carefully and adhering to true biblical teachings.

Timeline of Events Related to Shincheonji

  • 1931: Lee Man-hee is born in Korea.
  • 1966: Shincheonji believes that Jesus had an invisible second coming. Jesus supposedly appointed seven Korean messengers to start the Tabernacle Temple in Korea.
  • Around 1966-1977: Lee Man-hee joins the Tabernacle Temple. The “Nicolaitans,” (seen as a satanic group) deceive the seven messengers.
  • 1977: Jesus supposedly appears to Lee Man-hee, instructing him to write letters to the seven messengers, fulfilling Revelation chapters 2 and 3.
  • 1980: Lee Man-hee purportedly ascends to heaven and is shown all the events of the Book of Revelation, eating the “open scrolls” (Revelation chapters 6 and 8) and gaining understanding of its physical fulfillment.
  • 1981-2007: Lee Man-hee writes the book “The Creation of Heaven and Earth.” He claims the final manuscript was completed in 40 days in 2007.
  • 1984: Lee Man-hee founds the Shincheonji Church, establishing the 12 tribes of Israel within its structure.
  • Early 2024: Shincheonji releases an official brochure claiming to be the only denomination acknowledged by God.
  • Present (as of the video): Shincheonji continues to actively recruit members, often covertly, from other Christian churches, and uses front groups for recruitment through social media, dating apps, blood drives and more. They are expanding and absorbing entire churches in some cases.

Cast of Characters

  • Lee Man-hee: The founder and leader of the Shincheonji Church. Born in 1931 in Korea, he is considered by Shincheonji members to be the “promised pastor,” “true pastor,” the “new John,” the “advocate,” the “tree of life,” “son of God,” and the “one who overcomes.” They believe he ascended to heaven, ate the open scrolls and was shown the fulfillment of Revelation, giving him unique authority. He claims his work is essential for God’s kingdom, salvation, power, and authority to come about, and that the work of Jesus himself would be pointless if he did not do his.
  • Jesus Christ: While Shincheonji includes the “Church of Jesus” in its name, they reject his deity, bodily resurrection, and bodily second coming. They believe he is a separate spiritual being from God. They also believe that his role was surpassed by Lee Man-hee’s, and his sacrifice ineffective without Lee Man-hee’s own actions.
  • The Seven Messengers: According to Shincheonji, these were Korean individuals initially appointed by Jesus to start the Tabernacle Temple in 1966, but were later deceived by the Nicolaitans. They were then written to by Lee Man-hee, as prompted by Jesus himself, in 1977.
  • The Nicolaitans: Described by Shincheonji as a Satanic group of spirits who deceived the seven messengers of the Tabernacle Temple.
  • John (the Apostle): According to Shincheonji, they see Lee Man-hee as his modern day equivalent, being someone who was shown the things of heaven and who records them.
  • Abraham, Moses: Lee Man-hee sees himself as being on the same level with these, as well as Jesus, as they are all “promised pastors.”
  • General Pastors According to Shincheonji, other pastors are supposed to point to the “promised pastor,” and eventually turn over their congregations to his leadership. They describe churches outside of their own as “Babylon the Great” and the “Mother of Prostitutes.”

This timeline and cast of characters should give you a comprehensive overview of the key figures and events discussed in the source material.

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